In the realm of substances, a captivating interplay exists between calm motion and the unpredictable forces of turbulence. When a liquid flows smoothly, it exhibits gentle patterns, reminiscent of a winding river. Molecules navigate in an orderly fashion, their interactions subtle. This harmonious state is known as equilibrium. But when exter

The unique properties of alcohols stem directly from the presence of hydrogen bonding. This strong intermolecular force arises from the charge distribution of the hydroxyl group (-OH). The highly reactive oxygen atom attracts electrons towards itself, creating a partial negative charge (δ-) on the oxygen and a partial positive charge (δ+) on the